Bahrain Freedom Movement

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon enraged Bahraini citizens by awarding Sheikh Khalifah bin Salman Al Khalifah, Bahrain’s 36 year long prime minister-cum-dictator, the Habitat Scroll of Honour. New York-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Bahraini rights groups also strongly criticised the decision to award Sheikh Khalifah. Seen by Bahrainis as a stark symbol of the kingdom’s authoritarian rule, Sheikh Khalifah was awarded the prize at the Economic and Social Council in Geneva on Tuesday setting off riots across Bahrain.

“Sheikh Khalifah … presided over several decades of severe political repression in the country, including the systematic torture, arbitrary arrest and forced exile of political opponents,” HRW said.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon commended Bahrain and Sheikh Khalifah for “remarkable strides in reducing poverty” at the council in Geneva.

In recent times, leading members of Bahrain’s royal family have thrown their weight behind hard-line Sunni Muslim groups, some of whom share the outlook of Al Qaeda, in an attempt to counter a perceived Shiite threat, government officials and critics say.

The strategy, first exposed in a government report that surfaced last year, has revealed a rift within the court of the ruling Khalifah family.

One faction believes in reconciliation with the Persian Gulf nation’s disenfranchised Shiite Muslim majority. The other believes in suppressing Shiite aspirations, even if it means supporting Sunni groups propelled by the same ideologies that inspire Osama bin Laden.

A ranking government official who is a member of the royal family said there was “no doubt” that a hard-line movement existed within the Bahraini power structure.

“Then, there are the moderates who believe that cohesion is the way to go forward,” he said. The official, who counts himself among the moderates, spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue. Members of the royal family are unanimous in public, and analysts say they rarely discuss internal rifts.

But Bahrain, a small, oil-rich nation of 750,000 people where the U.S. Navy’s 5th Fleet is based, is anything but united.

It rests uneasily on the increasingly volatile sectarian fault line rattling the Middle East. Historically impoverished Shiites demand more power from the dominant Sunnis, who have strong ties to Saudi Arabia. Intermarriage between the sects has become rare. Bahrain’s Shiites and Sunnis have different last names and speak Arabic with different accents.

Crown Prince Salman ibn Hamed Khalifa, a 37-year-old graduate of American University in Washington and Cambridge University in England, leads the moderates, who have focused on creating job opportunities for Bahrain’s young as a way of staving off sectarian tensions. Khalid ibn Ahmed Khalifa, minister of state for royal court affairs, is known as the leader of the hard-liners.

Few know where King Hamed ibn Isa Khalifa, the ultimate authority in Bahrain, stands.

“The royal court minister is backed by the Sunni extremists and he backs them,” said one Bahraini analyst, who spoke on condition of anonymity. “It’s a very dangerous game. They’re going down a slippery road.”

One Sunni hard-liner has said he welcomes the presence of American and British military officials in Bahrain if it keeps the Iranian influence at bay.Yet secular and Shiite Bahrainis have become alarmed by the growth of Sunni fundamentalism.

Some likened the rapid buildup of Sunni groups to the U.S. and Saudi support for Islamist Afghan warriors during the 1980s Soviet occupation.

“This is the Saudi Frankenstein,” said Ebrahim Sharif Alsayed, a member of the National Democratic Action Society, a secular opposition group. “I don’t think terrorism is a serious threat. But this is the same play. They think they can manage the Islamists.”

Critics worry that in a country long a bastion of relative moderation, clerics are glorifying holy war. Islamic newspapers have grown more strident and anti-American. One, Akhbar Khaleej, refers to Bin Laden as a “sheik,” a title of honor.

Two controversial Sunni figures who left the United States have found refuge and employment in Bahrain: Wagdy Mohammed Ghoneim, the head of an Orange County mosque who was suspected of giving speeches in support of terrorist organizations and arrested in November 2004 on suspicion of overstaying his U.S. visa; and Salah Soltan, a scholar.

“Every week they appear on television, telling people how to be clean and religious and pious,” said one journalist who spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of retribution.

Evidence of government support for Sunni extremists first emerged in a report prepared by former government official Salah Bander, which detailed ties between regime officials and hard-liners as part of a plan to crush Shiite aspirations.

Sunnis’ fear of the country’s Shiite majority has been heightened by events in Iraq, where newly empowered Shiites rule over the once-dominant Sunni minority.

Though shimmering with ostentatious wealth, Bahrain has not been immune to political and sectarian violence. Shiites say that for decades they’ve received a disproportionately small share of the country’s riches and opportunities.

Shiite districts west of Manama, the capital, tend to be poor and run-down. Independent observers have criticized the government for regularly staffing security forces with non-Bahraini Sunnis.

Anger and resentment bubbled up in the 1970s. And in 1981, a group of Bahraini Shiites, allegedly backed by elements in Iran, attempted to overthrow the monarchy.

Violent clashes between Shiites and security forces erupted in the late 1990s, sending prominent Shiites into exile.

Many of Bahrain’s Shiites maintain strong ties to the burgeoning Shiite movements throughout the Middle East. The homes and cars of pious Shiites are adorned by posters of the leader of the Lebanese militant Shiite group Hezbollah, Sheik Hassan Nasrallah; Iraqi cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani; and Iranian supreme leader Ali Khamenei.

King Hamed launched a plan of reconciliation and democratic reform when he ascended to the throne in 1999, but many say it has stalled, in part because of fears that giving Shiites more power would open the way for an Iranian takeover of the island nation, over which Iran once claimed sovereignty.

Moderates in the government, including the crown prince, argue that democratic reform and economic opportunity will be far more effective in coaxing Shiites away from Iran.

“The hard-liners haven’t succeeded,” the government official said. “They have only done one thing: turn a lot of people against them.”