May99

May 1999

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Update:

30 May: Prime Minister Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa submitted the resignation of the Government to the Amir Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa. The Amir accepted the resignation of the Government and issued an Amiri order re-appointing Sheikh Khalifa as the Prime Minister and assigned him the responsibility of forming a new Government.

Sheikh Khalifa assumed the position of Prime Minister following independence in 1971. He formed a government that resigned in Augsut 1975, thus forcing the dissolution of the 18-month old parliament. The second premiership lasted for twenty years until June 1995. Minor changes were made under the same premiership. Following the death of the late Amir on 6 March, a period of 3 months was declared for mourning. This period is coming to end in the first week of June. The re-appointment of Sheikh Khlaifa in his position is one indication of the future of politics in Bahrain. It remains to be seen what will be the composition of the forthcoming cabinet.

On 31 May, the Amir issued Decree No. 8/1999 appointing the folloing ministers to the cabinet:

1. Prime minister: Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa (no change)
2. Justice & Islamic affairs: Sheikh Abdulla bin Khalid Al-Khalifa (no change)
3. Foreign affairs: Sheikh Mohammed bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa (no change)
4. Interior: Sheikh Mohammed bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa (no change)
5. Transportation: Sheikh Ali bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa (no change)
6. Minister of state: Mr. Jawad Salim Al-Urrayedh (no change)
7. Housing, municipalities & environment: Khalid bin Abdulla Al-Khalifa (no change)
8. Minister of state: Mr. Majed Jawad Al-Jeshi (was minister for public works & agriculture)
9. Defence: Khalifa bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa (no change)
10. Cabinet affairs & information: Mr. Mohammed Ibrahim Al-Mutawa (no change)
11. Oil & industry: Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al-Khalifa (no change)
12. Commerce: Mr. Ali Saleh Abdulla Al-Saleh (no change)
13. Education: Mr. Abdul Aziz Mohammed Al-Fadhil (no change)
14. Health: Dr. Faisal Radhi Al-Mosawi (no change)
15. Labour & social affairs: Mr. Abdul Nabi Al-Shu’la (no change)
16. Electricity & water: Sheikh Duaj bin Khalifa bin Mohammed Al-Khalifa (new minister replacing Abdulla Mohammed Juma’a. Duaih used to be in charge of customs).
17. Finance & national economy: Mr. Abdulla Hasan Saif (new minister replacing Ibrahim Abdul Karim. Mr. Saif was the governor of central bank).
18. Works & agriculture: Mr. Ali Ibrahim Al-Mahroos (ne person replacing Mr. Majed Al-Jeshi. The latter became a minister of state. Mr. Al-Mahroos was working in the foreign affairs ministry).

MANAMA, May 28 (Reuters) – Bahrain and Qatar submitted further documents to the international court of justice on Friday over territory disputed between the Gulf Arab states, a Bahraini official was quoted as saying. Bahrain’s official Gulf News Agency quoted a Foreign Ministry spokesman as saying the two states had presented “their third written memorandums related to their border dispute.”

Qatar and Bahrain are locked in a dispute over Zubarah, which is on mainland Qatar, and the barren Hawar islands, which are potentially rich in oil and gas. Qatar unilaterally took the row to the International Court of Justice in the Hague in 1991.

La civilasation

In France, the Bahraini government hosted an exhibition about Delmon Civilisation (some 3000 years BC). The exhibition “Bahrëin : La civilasation des deux mers” opened on 17 May.

The prime minister changed his plan for visiting France to inaugurate the Bahrain-Delmon Exhibition in Paris May. He had earlier intended to visit France, but his son (also a minister for transportation) was sent to France to deputise for his father.

The son of the Bahraini prime minister officially opened the Bahrain-Delmon Exhibition in Paris. French human rights activists presented the other face of Bahrain during the inauguration of Bahrain-Delmon Exhibition. The French activists distributed booklets and statements documenting the abuses of human rights in Bahrain. Several of the visitors to the exhibition noted down in the “visitors’ book” their disapproval of human rights violation inside Bahrain.

Some of the Bahraini government’s organisers demanded from the French police to intervene and prevent the French activists from distributing their pamphlets. But they were told that in France there is a constitution, which guarantees the rights of citizens and freedom of expression, and therefore the police can not intervene to prevent a peaceful activity.

A spokesperson for the French human rights activists said “despite the fact that the new Amir has resorted to the Constitution of Bahrain to assume power following the death of his father on 6 March 1999, he has not yet said whether he will reinstate all the clauses of the constitution, in particular, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and the reinstatement of the National Assembly (The Right to Vote).”

He commented: “there have been several positive statements, but there are still demands that are not answered, such as: allowing human rights organizations , such as FIDH, Amnesty International and HRW to visit Bahrain, and allowing the UN Special Rapporteurs on Arbitrary Detention, Torture and Independence of Judiciary to visit Bahrain. These three rapporteaurs have requested last April to be allowed to visit Bahrain, but the government of Bahrain has not responded to them. Stability in a small country like Bahrain can easily be established if the new Amir can influence the situation and order the release of political prisoners and detainees and abolish the draconian security courts and all exceptional measures.”

SSC vs. Citizens

1 May: Last January, the SSC passed sentences of imprisonment ranging between three and seven years, against Majeed Rashid Abdul Karim,23(sentenced to seven years), Abdul Muhsin Rashid Abdul Karim, 16 (three years), Mahmood Rashid Abdul Karim, 16, Abdul Amir Abas Salim, 22(seven years), Husaain Ahmed Al Mulah, 22(seven years), Jaffar Ahmed Al Mulah, 23(three years). These citizens were accused of setting a furniture store on fife last year. Eyewitnesses conformed that these people had nothing to do with any burning.

* Another group was this in February and forced to sign confessions for the same incident. Later, when they were taken to the Sate Security Court, the authorities realised that they had already forced another group of youths in January to do the same.

* Jalal Mohammed Ahmad Al-Samee’a, 23, from Iskan-Ali was sentenced to two years imprisonment on 27 April. He continues to be in jail despite having bypassed this retrospective sentence.

* Two prisoners had completed their 3-year prison terms last month but continue to be in detention. These are Fakhri Abdulla and Sami Bu-Hamad. The Bahraini authorities do not even respect the rulings of the unconstitutional State Security Court.

12 May: Several teenagers from Duraz were brought before the unconstitutional State Security Court (in Jaw village). These included

1. Seyed Jaffer Taher Yousif (in detention since 1 march 1996): Sentenced for two years.

2. Yaser Abdul Hussain Al-Mutghawwi (in detention since 4 March 1996): sentenced for one year

3. Hussain Isa Mohamed Isa (in detention for more than a year): Sentenced for one year.

The father of Yaser, Abdul Hussain Al-Mutghawwi was detained on 20 January 1996. Both the father and the son remained in administrative detention until mid May. The son was released on 15 May and the father was released on 16 May.

16 May: four citizens from Bilad al-Qadim were dragged to the unconstitutional court and sentenced as follows:

1. Shawki Abdulla Jasim Abdul Amir, 20 years old, 5 years imprisonment

2. Hussain Abdul Karim Abdulla, 20, 4 years.

3. Ali Hassan Ahmad Al-Shajjar, 19, 4 years

4. Salman Ibrahim Ahmad Marhoon, 17, 4 years.

24 May: The unconstitutional State Security Court continued its campaign of repression against the citizens. Two Egyptian judges, led by a member of the ruling family, sentenced the following citizens (all from Bilad al-Qadim) to one-and-half year imprisonment: Ali Abdulla Salman, 18, Abbas Isa Al-Sodani, 19, Abbas Ali Maki Al-Saeed, 17, Hassan Ali Maki Al-Saeed, 19, Ali Saelh Al-Tobaji, 16, Hussain Saelh Al-Tobaji, 18, Mohammed Jaffer, 19, Seyyed Hassan Abdulla Al-Mosawi, 19, and Seyyed Hashim Jaffer. Seyyed Hussain Mustafa was given a one-year sentence and Jaffer Hassan Al-Shajjar was acquitted.

Visiting Iran

3 May: “Bahraini Foreign Minister Sheik Mohammed bin Mubarak Al Khalifa arrived in Iran, telling reporters in Tehran he would discuss Gulf security and other issues with Iranian officials,” IRNA reported. His visit also was aimed at reinforcing cultural, economic and scientific cooperation with Iran, the agency said. Sheikh Mohammed’s trip follows remarks last week by Bahrain’s new ruler in which he said he hoped for stronger ties with Tehran.

4 May: Tehran, (Reuters) – Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi said on Tuesday a visit to Iran by his Bahraini counterpart heralded reduced tensions between the two Gulf neighbours. The official Iranian news agency IRNA quoted Kharrazi as saying he hoped Sheikh Mohammad bin Mubarak al-Khalifa’s visit “would open new horizons of interests” for the two states.Kharrazi was also reported as saying at a joint news conference that with this visit and the recent exchange of ambassadors by the two states “a new chapter has been opened” in relations between Iran and Bahrain.”

23 May: the Amir spoke by telephone to the Iranian president and “exchanged views on a number of issues”. The crown pronce had met the Iranian president in Doha.

Prisoners attacked

3 May: Detainees in Jaw prison attacked: A brutal attack on the detainees in Jaw prison was carried out by the prison’s security officers. The attack was initiated when an officer called Saqir, deliberately insulted the religious beliefs some prisoners. The prisoners declined these insults and told the officer to refrain from such practices.

The officer then got furious and ordered the attack as a further punishment. He ordered the deployment of tear gas and the beating of prisoners in groups. Some of the detainees were taken to the Military Hospital suffering severe injuries caused by brutal beating and the use of tear gas.

Others were placed in solitary cells and were banned from any visit by their families. Two of the prisoners known to have been placed in solitary cells are Jasim Al Khayat and Seyed Yousif Seyed Mohammed Seyed Yousif.

Following the attacks by riot police on the prisoners in Jaw, a dozen prisoners have been transferred to al-Qala’a prison for torturing. The prisoners who are presently being tortured include: Mohammed Sahwan, Abdul Hadi Al-Mukhoder, and Jasim Al-Khayat.

More abuses

6 May: The security forces that are loyal to the PM continued their atrocities against the citizens. Following the end of Ashora session, a score people are know to have been detained. Several people have been tortured severely by the notorious officer Farooq Al-Ma’awdeh, who was put in-charge of the north-west region of Bahrain.

There are calls for the sacking of these torturers who have dragged Bahrain to the on-going political crisis. It is hard to see how stability could be restored while these torturers continue to abuse the people of Bahrain.

* Detainees in Budaya Police Station confirmed that Farouq Al-Ma’awdeh has recently been equipped with an electric chair and other sophisticated tools for torturing citizens.

* Several people were reported to have been arrested and tortured. Mohammed Mansoor Al-Hamad, 23, and his bother Ahmad, 22, both from Jedhafs, were arrested in a dawn raid on their parent’s house. The raiders damaged the contents of the house and confiscated many items of private properties.

* Several prominent political detainees had been transferred to Jaw prison. They include Shaikh Ali Ashur, Shaikh Mohammed Al Rayash, Shaikh Hussain Al Daihi, Seyed Ibrahim Seyed Adnan and Omran Hussain Omran. They were all placed in section 5 of the prison along with 28 other detainees. Also, the pro-democracy figure Hassan Musham’a has been transferred from Jaw prison to Al-Qal’a for unknown reasons.

Working in the UAE

8 May: Bahrainis to work in the UAE: The UAE Labour Minister was quoted that “Bahrainis are welcome to work in the UAE and that they will be treated as UAE citizens.” The opposition welcomes such a statement. It is not clear whether such a statement is meant to reflect a new policy different from the past. It is known that the Bahraini Prime Minister had intervened with the UAE and Kuwaiti authorities (in 1995) to restrict the rights provided to Bahrainis working in these countries. The declaration by the UAE that they will not discriminate against Bahrainis wishing to work in the UAE is a welcome move. However, more seriousness is needed for addressing the country’s problems. The powerless “consultative council” appointed by the prime minister has proved to be a non-event and a discredited forum for Bahrainis to address any of the critical issues facing the nation. The opposition has called for a return to the constitution that regulates the methods of participation in decision making. Advisors apointed 9 May: Advisors appointed: The new Amir issued a decree appointing three advisors. Dr. Mohammed Jaber Al-Ansari was appointed as a cultural and scientific advisor, Dr. Hassan Abdulla Fakhro was appointed as an economic advisor, and Nabil Al-Hamar was made a press advisor. Kenyans to file a case 9 May: Kenyans prepare a case against British officers: It has been revealed that a group of lawyers are preparing a case against the British officers (including the notorious Ian Henderson who heads the security service in Bahrain since 1966) who are accused of crimes against the Kenyans during the Mau Mau rebellion in the fifties. Thousands of victims’ names and evidences are to be submitted (by end of this month) to an international tribunal. The cases include rape, killing, torture, and confiscation of properties Death of HR champion 10 May: The British Foreign Office Minister Derek Fatchett has died suddenly at the age of 53. Fatchett was one of Foreign Secretary Robin Cook’s deputies with responsibility for south Asia, the Middle East and northern Africa. A spokesperson for the Bahraini opposition expressed the sadness felt by Bahrainis who knew how Mr. Fatchett was concerned about human rights in Bahrain. It was him who declared on 3 June 1997 that the Bahraini opposition is a “moderate one with a set of moderate demands.” He had been subjected to a sneering campaign by the Bahraini press (which is under government’s control). His visit to Bahrain last September witnessed several sessions of frank discussions with his Bahraini counterparts. He encouraged them to allow Amnesty International to visit the country, a plea that has fell on deaf ears. Searching for guests 10 May: The prime minister’s followers have been touring the country to encourage as many dignitaries as possible to make regular visits to the “dewan” of the prime minister. A close source revealed that the PM wants as many people as possible to show-up in his dewan to make it difficult for the new Amir to contemplate removing him from the premier position. Moreover, many statements are being reported in the press on behalf of the PM in which he reiterates that “citizens interests” should come as a first priority for his ministers. These statements were never mentioned in the past, as citizens were not so important for the political formula in the country. Rumours 11 May: It is rumoured that the Amir may order the release of some 200 detainees after the end of the mourning period in the beginning of June. There are at least 1000 detainees who are held under the unconstitutional State Security Law. There is a further 500 prisoners who had been sentenced by the unconstitutional State Security Court. Moreover, there are some 500 unregistered people who are detained in police stations around the country for arbitrary periods. This might be used as an incremental and measured step towards settling the situation. The opposition welcomes the release of any citizen and calls on the new Amir to establish justice as he assumes power. Visiting the UAE 12 May: President of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahyan met with visiting Bahraini Amir Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa on bilateral co-operation. The two leaders discussed ways of strengthening bilateral ties, enhancing joint action in dealing with Arab and international issues, the official WAM news agency reported. Sheikh Zayed had donated for the building of a town in Bahrain. The construction of “Zayed Town” is being handled by the Ministry of Defence in Bahrain (rather than the Housing Ministry). This is because the Housing Ministry comes under the control of the prime minister who is not on good terms with most of the Gulf leaders. Economy down 13 May: Reuters reported that “Bahraini shares fell 0.7 percent in the week to Thursday, the second weekly fall in row. The Bahrain Stock Exchange (BSE) said the index closed at 2,176.73 points, down from 2,193.16 a week ago in sharply lower trading. The drop reverses some of the gains of previous weeks, which followed a recent rise in oil prices. The exchange said more than nine million shares worth 2.28 million dinars ($6 million) changed hands in 422 transactions, compared with 41.3 million shares worth 16.3 million dinars traded last week. Commercial banks saw the lion’s share of trading with around four million shares worth one million dinars changing hands. Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait (BBK.BH) was the most heavily traded with about 3.3 million shares worth 719,000 dinars transacted.

It closed six fils lower at 222 fils. There are 1,000 fils to the dinar. The Bahraini market is open to investors from other Gulf Arab states. Some firms are also open to investment from outside the region. ($1-0.377 dinar)” .

The economic situation in Bahrain is being worsened by the budget deficit amounting to BD 160 million ($424m) for this year (government’s expenditure is put at BD 726 millions ($1.9bn)).

Next year’s deficit is expected to remain at the same level despite possible improvement in oil prices. Trading has also been hit with a trade deficit being recorded for the first time after three years of trade surplus.

The present trade deficit is standing at BD 73 million ($194m). Oil and aluminium exports have been hit badly. This situation makes more pressing for the government to solve the internal political crisis to help in relieving the country’s problems.

Children tortured

14 May, three children were detained during dawn raids against their parent’s houses in Dair. They were held for one week (until 21 May) and released after torture and ill-treatment. These were Kadhem Abdulla Ali Kadhem, 13 years old, Mohammed Ali Abdulla Salman, 12, Hussain Mohammed Hassan, 15. Exceptional opportunity 14 May: the London based newspaper Al-Arab published an article for the writer Hani Al-Rayis, who said that “now there is an exceptional opportunity for reform, the new Amir should not let it slip away.” He also touched on the worsening human rights situation in the Bahrain, as well as, the impartiality of the judicial system. He called on the new Amir to reinstate the parliament, release all political prisoners and respect the will of the citizens. Rabe’a responds 19 May: In a positive and a welcome sign, Akhbar Al-Khalij, at last, allowed the publication of a letter by one of the national figures and members of the Committee for Popular Petition, Mr. Ali Rabea. Mr. Rabea’s letter was challenging the accusations being repeated by one of the government’s columnists, who calls for the continuation of the status quo. Decrees issued 20 May, the Amir issued a decree No. (8) 1999, dissolving (routinely) the seventh session of the Consultative Council by 31 May 1999.

An Amiri order No. (21) 1999, was issued stating some alternations to the provisions of the Penalty Act issued by a decree No. (15) 1976. The new modification would make it obligatory for those convicted by the unconstitutional state Security Court to fully compensate for the damages “caused” by the accused. It also states that those who cannot pay for the damages would get an extended term of jail.

The opposition fears that these punitive measures will add more discretionary powers to the unconstitutional State Security Court.

The opposition is encouraged to hear that there is a proposal to set-up a High Judiciary Council as specified by the constitution. If such a council is to be established on fairness and is to be staffed by Bahrainis representing all sections of he society and if such body is guaranteed independence, then the opposition welcomes such a move.

Visiting Qatar

21 May: The crown prince, Sheikh Salman bin Hamad Al-Khalifa returned from his trip to Qatar. He made an unexpected visit to Qatar on 20 May and met with his Qatari counterpart. He wished that the dispute between the two countries would be solved through direct contacts. The crown prince also met with the Iranian president who had been in Doha for his state visit. Changes to come 22 May: A columnist in Akhbar Al-Khalij, Ali Saleh, implied that the changes are to take place and will be fundamental. They would aim at changing the present “mentality”. Such speculations are playing into then hands of the rumourmongers.

23 May: Al-Hayat newspaper published a speculative piece of news saying that cabinet changes has been decided and might be announced any time in the coming period. The paper said that the changes would not be wide.

The opposition hopes that the Amir would take brave reforming steps. But at the same, there is not much in the horizon that suggests fundamental changes in the way of governance.

There are steps that the Amir could declare, such as ordering a ban on torture and investigation cases of torture, freeing all political prisoners and detainees, allowing exiles to return, reforming the justice system, allowing reedom of expression (within the bounds of the constitution) to all Bahrainis, and preparing the ground for constitutional-popular participation in public life.

Unknown fate

24 May: Authorities decline to disclose the fate of an arrested citizen: The fate of the 28-year old Hussain Salman Al-Ali is not yet known. There were no reports of his condition or whereabouts.

Mr. Al-Ali was stopped and arrested at the Bahrain- Saudi causeway on 1st April 99. The Bahraini authorities declined request from his family regarding his wellbeing. His wife witnessed his arrest as they were together at the time of the arrest.

UN expert visits Bahrain

25 May: The French Judge Loise Joinet might be allowed to visit Bahrain in June for an exploratory mission as had been agreed in August 1998 during the UN Human Rights Sub-Commission. Judge Joinet is one of the UN experts and heads the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention.

He is one of three UN Rapporteurs who had been asking for permission to visit the country. If the visit goes ahead, Judge Joinet would be agreeing the agenda for a future inspection visit. This means the security forces will be have extra time to arbitrarily detain citizens. The opposition hopes that the new Amir will be proactive and will be able to override the ancient and dictatorial establishment that continues to arbitrarily detain and torture the citizens.

Bahraini civil society

25 May: In an interview with the satellite TV channel “Al-Jazira”, Dr. Abdulah Al Nufaisi, a Kuwiati thinker and writer, said that “Bahrain is the oldest and most modern and the nearest to the definition of civil society in the Gulf. If any country should have a parliament, it must be Bahrain first. Our grandfathers used to go to Bahrain to acquire knowledge and there is no justification whatsoever that the people in Bahrain should be denied their rights”. He called for achieving two things in the Gulf: political freedoms (association, press, expression, etc) and guarding public money. Without these two factors development and stability could not be achieved. Sabah calls for openness 26 May: The London-based newspaper “Al-Quds” published an article for the distinguished Bahraini national figure, Mohammed Jaber Sabah on 26 May. Mr. Sabah clarified that articles 17- 31 clearly laid down the citizens public rights and duties. And that these articles should not have been barred in accordance with article 24 which states that ” freedom of the press, printing and publication shall be guaranteed”. The dissolution of the National Assembly (NA) was constitutional said Mr. Sabah. But the continuity of the dissolution is not, he reiterated.

The Amir should have called for the election of a new assembly within two months from the date of dissolution (25 August 1975) in accordance with article 65, which states that “in the event of dissolution, elections for the new assembly shall be held within a period not exceeding two months from the date of dissolution.”

It is worth noting that Mr. Sabah attempted to publish his article in Al-Ayyam but the government-controlled paper refused the publication.

Bahrain: Children tortured; security courts sentence more citizens

As the people continue to express their optimism about the new era of Sheikh Hamad Al-Khalifa, the forces of dictatorship and terror continue their abuse of human right. On 14 May, three children were detained during dawn raids against their parent’s houses in Dair. They were held for one week (until 21 May) and released after torture and ill-treatment. These were Kadhem Abdulla Ali Kadhem, 13 years old, Mohammed Ali Abdulla Salman, 12, Hussain Mohammed Hassan, 15.

Jalal Mohammed Ahmad Al-Samee’a, 23, from Iskan-Ali was sentenced to two years imprisonment on 27 April. He continues to be in jail despite having bypassed this retrospective sentence.

On 24 May, the unconstitutional State Security Court continued its campaign of repression against the citizens. Two Egyptian judges, led by a member of the ruling family, sentenced the following citizens (all from Bilad al-Qadim) to one-and-half year imprisonment: Ali Abdulla Salman, 18, Abbas Isa Al-Sodani, 19, Abbas Ali Maki Al-Saeed, 17, Hassan Ali Maki Al-Saeed, 19, Ali Saelh Al-Tobaji, 16, Hussain Saelh Al-Tobaji, 18, Mohammed Jaffer, 19, Seyyed Hassan Abdulla Al-Mosawi, 19, and Seyyed Hashim Jaffer. Seyyed Hussain Mustafa was given a one-year sentence and Jaffer Hassan Al-Shajjar was acquitted.

Several prominent political detainees had been transferred to Jaw prison. They include Shaikh Ali Ashur, Shaikh Mohammed Al Rayash, Shaikh Hussain Al Daihi, Seyed Ibrahim Seyed Adnan and Omran Hussain Omran. They were all placed in section 5 of the prison along with 28 other detainees. Also, the pro-democracy figure Hassan Musham’a has been transferred from Jaw prison to Al-Qal’a for unknown reasons.

In an interview (25 May) with the satellite TV channel “Al-Jazira”, Dr. Abdulah Al Nufaisi, a Kuwiati thinker and writer, said that “Bahrain is the oldest and most modern and the nearest to the definition of civil society in the Gulf. If any country should have a parliament, it must be Bahrain first. Our grandfathers used to go to Bahrain to acquire knowledge and there is no justification whatsoever that the people in Bahrain should be denied their rights”. He called for achieving two things in the Gulf: political freedoms (association, press, expression, etc) and guarding public money. Without these two factors development and stability could not be achieved.

The London-based newspaper “Al-Quds” published an article for the distinguished Bahraini national figure, Mohammed Jaber Sabah on 26 May. Mr. Sabah clarified that articles 17- 31 clearly laid down the citizens public rights and duties. And that these articles should not have been barred in accordance with article 24 which states that “ freedom of the press, printing and publication shall be guaranteed”. The dissolution of the National Assembly (NA) was constitutional said Mr. Sabah. But the continuity of the dissolution is not, he reiterated. The Amir should have called for the election of a new assembly within two months from the date of dissolution (25 August 1975) in accordance with article 65, which states that “in the event of dissolution, elections for the new assembly shall be held within a period not exceeding two months from the date of dissolution.”

Bahrain Freedom Movement

27 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

Bahrain News Summary

• Al-Hayat newspaper published a speculative piece of news on 23 May saying that cabinet changes has been decided and might be announced any time in the coming period. The paper said that the changes would not be wide.

• On 22 May, a columnist in Akhbar Al-Khalij, Ali Saleh, implied that the changes are to take place and will be fundamental. They would aim at changing the present “mentality”. Such speculations are playing into then hands of the rumourmongers. The opposition hopes that the Amir would take brave reforming steps. But at the same, there is not much in the horizon that suggests fundamental changes in the way of governance. There are steps that the Amir could declare, such as ordering a ban on torture and investigation cases of torture, freeing all political prisoners and detainees, allowing exiles to return, reforming the justice system, allowing freedom of expression (within the bounds of the constitution) to all Bahrainis, and preparing the ground for constitutional-popular participation in public life.

• In a positive and a welcome sign, Akhbar Al-Khalij, at last, allowed the publication of a letter by one of the national figures and members of the Committee for Popular Petition, Mr. Ali Rabea. Mr. Rabea’s letter was published on 19 May challenging the accusations being repeated by one of the government’s columnists, who calls for the continuation of the status quo.

• The crown prince, Sheikh Salman bin Hamad Al-Khalifa returned from his trip to Qatar on 21 May. He made an unexpected visit to Qatar on 20 May and met with his Qatari counterpart. He wished that the dispute between the two countries would be solved through direct contacts. The crown prince also met with the Iranian president who had been in Doha for his state visit. On 23 May, the Amir spoke by telephone to the Iranian president and ”exchanged views on a number of issues”

• Detainees in Budaya Police Station confirmed that Farouq Al-Ma’awdeh has recently been equipped with an electric chair and other sophisticated tools for torturing citizens. The notorious officer has been made in charge of the north-west region of Bahrain with extended powers for arresting, torturing and intimidating citizens.

• The French Judge Loise Joinet might be allowed to visit Bahrain in June for an exploratory mission as had been agreed in August 1998 during the UN Human Rights Sub-Commission. Judge Joinet is one of the UN experts and heads the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. He is one of three UN Rapporteurs who had been asking for permission to visit the country. If the visit goes ahead, Judge Joinet would be agreeing the agenda for a future inspection visit. This means the security forces will be have extra time to arbitrarily detain citizens. The opposition hopes that the new Amir will be proactive and will be able to override the ancient and dictatorial establishment that continues to arbitrarily detain and torture the citizens.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

24 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

Bahrain: Authorities decline to disclose the fate of an arrested citizen

The fate of the 28-year old Hussain Salman Al-Ali is not yet known. There were no reports of his condition or whereabouts. Mr. Al-Ali was stopped and arrested at the Bahrain- Saudi causeway on 1st April 99. The Bahraini authorities declined request from his family regarding his wellbeing. His wife witnessed his arrest as they were together at the time of the arrest.

On 20 May, the Amir issued a decree No. (8) 1999, dissolving (routinely) the seventh session of the Consultative Council by 31 May 1999. It is worth mentioning that the ancient regime has used the unconstitutional Consultative Council as a camouflage and as a rubber stamp. The council was dead all the time since its creation in 1993. No citizen cared about its news, and indeed it is only a metaphor for political jokes that proliferate in Bahrain. The opposition hopes that the new Amir would put an end to the violation of the constitution by disbanding this ancient set-up and by reinstating the constitutionally acceptable National Assembly.

An Amiri order No. (21) 1999, was issued stating some alternations to the provisions of the Penalty Act issued by a decree No. (15) 1976. The new modification would make it obligatory for those convicted by the unconstitutional state Security Court to fully compensate for the damages “caused” by the accused. It also states that those who cannot pay for the damages would get an extended term of jail. The opposition fears that these punitive measures will add more discretionary powers to the unconstitutional State Security Court. Unconstitutional legislation has been codified with the aim of tightening the grip of the state on the oppressed nation. The same legislation was supposed to have been issued in early 1998 but there was an outcry from the people who knew that these laws were intended for institutionalising the arbitrary injustice system. This system had been authorised to find ways for collective punishment. These laws are aimed to pave the way for confiscating the properties of the citizens as a new form of punishment. The authorities had made several attempts for confiscating properties and for evicting a family from its house. Now there is a codified route for such arbitrary measures.

However, the opposition is encouraged to hear that there is a proposal to set-up a High Judiciary Council as specified by the constitution. If such a council is to be established on fairness and is to be staffed by Bahrainis representing all sections of he society and if such body is guaranteed independence, then the opposition welcomes such a move. There are worries that, in the absence of constitutional accountability, the proposal will merely pave the way for the creation of a body staffed by the same people who are at present being controlled by the government. The top judges in Bahrain are either members of the ruling family or Egyptians imported for 2-year renewable contracts. The justice minister would only renew a contract if that Egyptian judge had complied 100% with the political will of the ruling establishment.

On 14 May, the London based newspaper Al-Arab published an article for the writer Hani Al-Rayis, who said that “now there is an exceptional opportunity for reform, the new Amir should not let it slip away.” He also touched on the worsening human rights situation in the Bahrain, as well as, the impartiality of the judicial system. He called on the new Amir to reinstate the parliament, release all political prisoners and respect the will of the citizens.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

21 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

French human rights activists versus the “Bahrain-Delmon Exhibition”

The son of the Bahraini prime minister officially opened the Bahrain-Delmon Exhibition in Paris on 17 May. French human rights activists presented the other face of Bahrain during the inauguration of Bahrain-Delmon Exhibition. The French activists distributed booklets and statements documenting the abuses of human rights in Bahrain. Several of the visitors to the exhibition noted down in the “visitors’ book” their disapproval of human rights violation inside Bahrain.

Some of the Bahraini government organisers demanded from the French police to intervene and prevent the French activists from distributing their pamphlets. But they were told that in France there is a constitution, which guarantees the rights of citizens and freedom of expression, and therefore the police can not intervene to prevent a peaceful activity.

The human tights activists carried a banner saying “No to torture, yes to constitution in Bahrain”. The French Committee for the Defence of Democracy and Human Rights distributed a statement calling on the Bahraini government to enter the modern world by accepting that human beings are entitled to their natural rights.

A spokesperson for the French human rights activists said “despite the fact that the new Amir has resorted to the Constitution of Bahrain to assume power following the death of his father on 6 March 1999, he has not yet said whether he will reinstate all the clauses of the constitution, in particular, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and the reinstatement of the National Assembly (The Right to Vote).”

He noted that since assuming power last March, “there have been several positive statements, but there are still demands that are not answered, such as: allowing human rights organizations , such as FIDH, Amnesty International and HRW to visit Bahrain, and allowing the UN Special Rapporteurs on Arbitrary Detention, Torture and Independence of Judiciary to visit Bahrain. These three rapporteaurs have requested last April to be allowed to visit Bahrain, but the government of Bahrain has not responded to them. Stability in a small country like Bahrain can easily be established if the new Amir can influence the situation and order the release of political prisoners and detainees and abolish the draconian security courts and all exceptional measures.”

Bahrain Freedom Movement

18 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

Bahrain: Unconstitutional State Security Court sentences more citizens

The unconstitutional State Security Court has been given the go ahead to sentence as many citizens in the shortest periods possible. Batches of citizens are brought for a one-session hearing and sentencing at the same time. On 16 May, four citizens from Bilad al-Qadim were dragged to the unconstitutional court and sentenced as follows:

1. Shawki Abdulla Jasim Abdul Amir, 20 years old, 5 years imprisonment
2. Hussain Abdul Karim Abdulla, 20, 4 years.
3. Ali Hassan Ahmad Al-Shajjar, 19, 4 years
4. Salman Ibrahim Ahmad Marhoon, 17, 4 years.

Several teenagers from Duraz were brought before the unconstitutional State Security Court (in Jaw village) on 12 May. These included

1. Seyed Jaffer Taher Yousif (in detention since 1 march 1996): Sentenced for two years.
2. Yaser Abdul Hussain Al-Mutghawwi (in detention since 4 March 1996): sentenced for one year
3. Hussain Isa Mohamed Isa (in detention for more than a year): Sentenced for one year.

The father of Yaser, Abdul Hussain Al-Mutghawwi was detained on 20 January 1996. Both the father and the son remained in administrative detention until mid May. The son was released on 15 May and the father was released on 16 May.

Several people were reported to have been arrested and tortured. Mohammed Mansoor Al-Hamad, 23, and his bother Ahmad, 22, both from Jedhafs, were arrested in a dawn raid on their parent’s house. The raiders damaged the contents of the house and confiscated many items of private roperties.

Following the attacks by riot police on the prisoners in Jaw, a dozen prisoners have been transferred to al-Qala’a prison for torturing. The prisoners who are presently being tortured include: Mohammed Sahwan, Abdul Hadi Al-Mukhoder, and Jasim Al-Khayat.

Two prisoners had completed their 3-year prison terms last month but continue to be in detention. These are Fakhri Abdulla and Sami Bu-Hamad. The Bahraini authorities do not even respect the rulings of the unconstitutional State Security Court.

The prime minister changed his plan for visiting France to inaugurate the Bahrain-Delmon Exhibition in Paris on 17 May. He had earlier intended to visit France, but his son (also a minister for transportation) was sent to France to deputise for his father. The exhibition in France was part of a move by the prime minister to attract the support of the French government following a wave of international condemnations of human rights abuse in Bahrain. This exhibition was also aimed at diverting media coverage that spoke consistently about human rights violation in Bahrain. The Bahraini government is to sign agreement with radio France for strengthening transmission to the Gulf region.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

17 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

Bahrain News Summary

• May 13: Reuters reported that “Bahraini shares fell 0.7 percent in the week to Thursday, the second weekly fall in row. The Bahrain Stock Exchange (BSE) said the index closed at 2,176.73 points, down from 2,193.16 a week ago in sharply lower trading. The drop reverses some of the gains of previous weeks, which followed a recent rise in oil prices. The exchange said more than nine million shares worth 2.28 million dinars ($6 million) changed hands in 422 transactions, compared with 41.3 million shares worth 16.3 million dinars traded last week. Commercial banks saw the lion’s share of trading with around four million shares worth one million dinars changing hands. Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait (BBK.BH) was the most heavily traded with about 3.3 million shares worth 719,000 dinars transacted. It closed six fils lower at 222 fils. There are 1,000 fils to the dinar. The Bahraini market is open to investors from other Gulf Arab states. Some firms are also open to investment from outside the region. ($1-0.377 dinar)” .

Commentary: The economic situation in Bahrain is being worsened by the budget deficit amounting to BD 160 million ($424m) for this year (government’s expenditure is put at BD 726 millions ($1.9bn)). Next year’s deficit is expected to remain at the same level despite possible improvement in oil prices. Trading has also been hit with a trade deficit being recorded for the first time after three years of trade surplus. The present trade deficit is standing at BD 73 million ($194m). Oil and aluminium exports have been hit badly. This situation makes more pressing for the government to solve the internal political crisis to help in relieving the country’s problems.

The declaration by the UAE that they will not discriminate against Bahrainis wishing to work in the UAE is a welcome move. However, more seriousness is needed for addressing the country’s problems. The powerless “consultative council” appointed by the prime minister has proved to be a non-event and a discredited forum for Bahrainis to address any of the critical issues facing the nation. The opposition has called for a return to the constitution that regulates the methods of participation in decision making.

• May 12: President of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nahyan met with visiting Bahraini Amir Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa on bilateral co-operation. The two leaders discussed ways of strengthening bilateral ties, enhancing joint action in dealing with Arab and international issues, the official WAM news agency reported.

Sheikh Zayed had donated for the building of a town in Bahrain. The construction of “Zayed Town” is being handled by the Ministry of Defence in Bahrain (rather than the Housing Ministry). This is because the Housing Ministry comes under the control of the prime minister who is not on good terms with most of the Gulf leaders. Sheikh Zayed had offered his assistance for solving the political crisis in Bahrain. But the prime minister rejected that offer (in September 1997) and instead increased his iron-fist policy. It is not clear what will be the fate of Zayed’s initiative following the assuming of power by Sheikh Hamad on 6 March, following the death of the late Amir.

Sheikh Hamad said upon his arrival that the purpose of his visit to the UAE was to bolster the collective action and co-operation among member states of Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC). He said his visit was also to affirm Bahrain’s commitment to further “strengthening the deep-rooted relations between the two countries in line with the policy of the late Amir”. Sheikh Hamad arrived in the UAE after attending an informal meeting of the GCC leaders in Saudi Arabia on Monday. The one-day meeting discussed recent rapprochement of Gulf countries with Iran and the dispute between the UAE and Iran over three Gulf islands. Sheikh Zayed had abstained from the summit reflecting the UAE’s dismay that powerful regional ally Saudi Arabia was moving toward improving its relationship with Iran. The meeting took place just before Iranian President Mohammed Khatami’s landmark visit to Saudi Arabia later this month, the highest-level trip to the kingdom by an Iranian leader since the 1979 Islamic revolution, Reuters said.

• Inside Bahrain, the prime minister’s followers have been touring the country to encourage as many dignitaries as possible to make regular visits to the “dewan” of the prime minister. A close source revealed that the PM wants as many people as possible to show-up in his dewan to make it difficult for the new Amir to contemplate removing him from the premier position. Moreover, many statements are being reported in the press on behalf of the PM in which he reiterates that “citizens interests” should come as a first priority for his ministers.

These statements were never mentioned in the past, as citizens were not so important for the political formula in the country. But now, the PM wants to say as many statements to counter accusations that his “ancient” regime’s time is over. Observers do not expect major changes in the next cabinet reshuffle (expected in June) as the PM’s grip on power is solid.

• The political situation is still stagnant. It is rumoured that the Amir may order the release of some 200 detainees after the end of the mourning period in the beginning of June. There are at least 1000 detainees who are held under the unconstitutional State Security Law. There is a further 500 prisoners who had been sentenced by the unconstitutional State Security Court. Moreover, there are some 500 unregistered people who are detained in police stations around the country for arbitrary periods.

The possible release of a token 200 people (if it ever happens) might be used as an incremental and measured step towards settling the situation. The opposition welcomes the release of any citizen and calls on the new Amir to establish justice as he assumes power. Justice can be established by putting an end to torture (which continues every minute of the day) and by releasing all political detainees and prisoners. The Amir can then establish a peaceful route for introducing further reforms to ensure that the future of his rule will not be the same as the present troubled period.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

14 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

Bahrain: Death of British human rights champion and minister

The British Foreign Office Minister Derek Fatchett has died suddenly at the age of 53, the Foreign Office said on Monday, 10 May. Fatchett was one of Foreign Secretary Robin Cook’s deputies with responsibility for south Asia, the Middle East and northern Africa.

A spokesperson for the Bahraini opposition expressed the sadness felt by Bahrainis who knew how Mr. Fatchett was concerned about human rights in Bahrain. It was him who declared on 3 June 1997 that the Bahraini opposition is a “moderate one with a set of moderate demands.” He had been subjected to a sneering campaign by the Bahraini press (which is under government’s control). His visit to Bahrain last September witnessed several sessions of frank discussions with his Bahraini counterparts. He encouraged them to allow Amnesty International to visit the country, a plea that has fell on deaf ears.

Advisors appointed:

The new Amir issued a decree appointing three advisors. Dr. Mohammed Jaber Al-Ansari was appointed as a cultural and scientific advisor, Dr. Hassan Abdulla Fakhro was appointed as an economic advisor, and Nabil Al-Hamar was made a press advisor. Dr. Al-Ansari and Dr. Fakhro are known as capable and professional personalities who had been associated with Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa (the Amir) for a long time. Nabil Al-Hamar’s appointment was a surprise one as he lacks the professionalism of the other two. He was responsible for the worst episodes of Bahrainis low-quality and low-grade reporting for the past five years.

Kenyans prepare a case against British officers:

It has been revealed that a group of lawyers are preparing a case against the British officers (including the notorious Ian Henderson who heads the security service in Bahrain since 1966) who are accused of crimes against the Kenyans during the Mau Mau rebellion in the fifties. Thousands of victims’ names and evidences are to be submitted (by end of this month) to an international tribunal. The cases include rape, killing, torture, and confiscation of properties. One of the (then) British officers, John Nottingham, stated that he sympathised with the case of the Kenyans.

La civilasation des deux mers:

In France, the Bahraini government will be hosting an exhibition about Delmon Civilisation (some 3000 years BC). The exhibition “Bahrëin : La civilasation des deux mers” will be opened on 17 May. It has been organised as part of a drive to improve the image of the government in the West. The information minister visited France more than a year ago and agreed with the French to host such an exhibition to attract favourable press coverage to his government and to counter the news reported by international news agencies, such as AFP and Reuters. Many French journalists had been invited to visit Bahrain for a prepared tour of “historical sites” away from the residential quarters.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

11 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

Bahrain: Resorting to the constitution can end the political crisis

Sawsan Al-Sha’er, a columnist writing in the daily “Al-Ayyam” wrote on 9 May to defend herself against the accusation that she is one of the handpicked persons who are allowed (by the government) to state their views. The government has an “approved list” of people who are allowed to write in the press, and this list is restricted to those who accept to write under the strict orders issued by the government.

Several weeks ago she wrote an article that touched on constitutional issues and sought to rationalise and justify the government’s violation of the constitution. The publishing of such an article in itself was viewed, by many, as a good gesture by the government to open up the press as a forum for debate. However, when the distinguished Bahraini national figure, Mohammed Jaber Sabah, wrote in response to that article, the newspapers refused to publish his rational response. The prevention of Mr. Sabah exposed the fact that only those on the government’s “approved list” are allowed to express their views.

Mr. Sabah, member of the Committee for Popular Petition and Member of the dissolved parliament, argued that the freedom of speech and press must be guaranteed in accordance with constitution. He clarified that articles 17- 31 clearly laid down the citizens public rights and duties. And that these articles should not have been barred in accordance with article 24 which states that “ freedom of the press, printing and publication shall be guaranteed”.

The dissolution of the National Assembly (NA) was constitutional said Mr. Sabah. But the continuity of the dissolution is not, he reiterated. The Amir should have called for the election of a new assembly within two months from the date of dissolution (25 August 1975) in accordance with article 65, which states that “ in the event of dissolution, elections for the new assembly shall be held within a period not exceeding two months from the date of dissolution.” He then argued that the Amir had no constitutional authority to keep the NA dissolved for more than two months. Therefore, article 65 is as effective and as irrevocable as 1(a), which states that “ the rule in Bahrain shall be hereditary”.

Bahrainis to work in the UAE:

The UAE Labour Minister was quoted on 9 May that “Bahrainis are welcome to work in the UAE and that they will be treated as UAE citizens.” The opposition welcomes such a statement. It is not clear whether such a statement is meant to reflect a new policy different from the past. It is known that the Bahraini Prime Minister had intervened with the UAE and Kuwaiti authorities (in 1995) to restrict the rights provided to Bahrainis working in these countries. The Bahraini Prime Minister was angry that Bahraini citizens working in the UAE and Kuwait could earn more than those in Bahrain and used to be treated with care, which is totally different from the arbitrariness practised inside Bahrain. The UAE statement might be aimed as a message to Bahrainis that the policy adopted by the new Amir of Bahrain is different from that was adopted by the PM. Additionally, it is known that the Bahraini authorities had refused an earlier Qatari offer to allow unemployed Bahrainis to work in Qatar. In either case, the opposition welcomes the UAE statement and hopes that both the UAE and Kuwait disregard the earlier policy dictated to them by the Bahraini PM.

Arrests continue:

The security forces that are loyal to the PM continued their atrocities against the citizens. Following the end of Ashora session, a score people are know to have been detained. Several people have been tortured severely by the notorious officer Farooq Al-Ma’awdeh, who was put in-charge of the north-west region of Bahrain. There are calls for the sacking of these torturers who have dragged Bahrain to the on-going political crisis. It is hard to see how stability could be restored while these torturers continue to abuse the people of Bahrain.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

9 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

Bahrain: Detainees in Jaw prison attacked

A case that was brought before the State Security Court (SSC) last January has resurfaced again, exposing the lack of justice and due process. Last January, the SSC passed sentences of imprisonment ranging between three and seven years, against Majeed Rashid Abdul Karim,23(sentenced to seven years), Abdul Muhsin Rashid Abdul Karim, 16( three years), Mahmood Rashid Abdul Karim, 16, Abdul Amir Abas Salim, 22(seven years), Husaain Ahmed Al Mulah, 22(seven years), Jaffar Ahmed Al Mulah, 23(three years). These citizens were accused of setting a furniture store on fife last year. Eyewitnesses conformed that these people had nothing to do with any burning.

Another group was this in February and forced to sign confessions for the same incident. Later, when they were taken to the Sate Security Court, the authorities realised that they had already forced another group of youths in January to do the same. This second group is now held in custody under the unconstitutional State Security Law.

Early last week a brutal attack on the detainees in Jaw prison was carried out by the prison’s security officers. The attack was initiated when an officer called Saqir, deliberately insulted the religious beliefs some prisoners. The prisoners declined these insults and told the officer to refrain from such practices.

The officer then got furious and ordered the attack as a further punishment. He ordered the deployment of tear gas and the beating of prisoners in groups. Some of the detainees were taken to the Military Hospital suffering severe injuries caused by brutal beating and the use of tea-gas. Others, were placed in solitary cells and were banned from any visit by their families. Two of the prisoners known to have been placed in solitary cells are Jasim Al Khayat and Seyed Yousif Seyed Mohammed Seyed Yousif.

On 21 April, Lord Avebury asked Her Majesty’s Government what officials of the Government and armed forces of Bahrain they have received during the month of April?. Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean replied that the “ Director of Middle East and North Africa, FCO, received Shaikh Abdul Aziz, the Bahraini Ambassador to London, at the Foreign Office on 1 April. They discussed a range of bilateral issues. To the best of my knowledge. HMG has not received any other officials of the Bahraini government or armed forces during April 1999.”

Lord Avebury asked Her Majesty’s Government whether they have received or sought information from the Government of Bahrain on the date of the resumed hearing of the case against Sheikh Abdul Amir Al Jamri; and whether they will ask the Government of Bahrain for permission to send a representative of the British Embassy to attend the proceedings.” In reply, Baroness Symons of Vernham Dean said “ We have not received or sought information from the Government of Bahrain on the resumed hearing of the case of Shaikh Al Jamri, owing to the period of official mourning following the death of Shaikh Isa. We requested permission to send a representative from the British Embassy to attend the trial on 22 February.”

On 3 May, “Bahraini Foreign Minister Sheik Mohammed bin Mubarak Al Khalifa arrived in Iran, telling reporters in Tehran he would discuss Gulf security and other issues with Iranian officials,” IRNA reported. His visit also was aimed at reinforcing cultural, economic and scientific cooperation with Iran, the agency said. Sheikh Mohammed’s trip follows remarks last week by Bahrain’s new ruler in which he said he hoped for stronger ties with Tehran.

On 30 April, Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper reported on 30 April that “a source in Doha (Qatar) revealed that there are two persons , one Saudi and the other Bahraini, who are accused by the Qataris to have taken part in the failed quop attempt in 1996”. The paper named the Bahraini person as Ibrahim Sultan (out of 119 person who had been accused by the Qatari to have attempted to topple the Qatari government in 1996).

Huda Ahmed Abdullah Ghurbal from Duraz, age 23, a student at Bahrain Training Institute, was arrested on 28 April at 10:00 am until afternoon. She was ill treated very badly by the security officers.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

4 May 1999

Fax: (44) 171 278 9089

TEHRAN, May 4 (Reuters) – Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi said on Tuesday a visit to Iran by his Bahraini counterpart heralded reduced tensions between the two Gulf neighbours. The official Iranian news agency IRNA quoted Kharrazi as saying he hoped Sheikh Mohammad bin Mubarak al-Khalifa’s visit “would open new horizons of interests” for the two states. Kharrazi was also reported as saying at a joint news conference that with this visit and the recent exchange of ambassadors by the two states “a new chapter has been opened” in relations between Iran and Bahrain. In 1996, Bahrain accused Iran of seeking to overthrow its government and diplomatic relations were downgraded. Iran denied the charges. Bahrain, like other Gulf Arab states, has treated Iran with suspicion since the 1979 Islamic revolution there. However, a charm offensive since 1997 by the moderate Iranian president, Mohammad Khatami, has led to a steady warming of ties and more contacts between the Islamic republic and pro-Western Arab states across the strategic Gulf waterway. Iran, which opposes the presence of U.S. and Western forces in the region, has regularly called for a security pact with the Gulf Arab states, who have shown no support for the idea. IRNA quoted Sheikh Mohammad as saying “Bahraini officials believe that cooperation between Manama and Tehran is highly important and such a cooperation should be built first in political and economic fields and then in security affairs.”

The Saudi defence minister, Prince Sultan, who has also been visiting Iran, made similar comments on the issue of military cooperation. The two states should start by developing economic, social and cultural ties, the Saudi minister said.

TEHRAN, May 4 (Reuters)- A recent stream of senior Gulf Arab visitors to Tehran has highlighted Iran’s achievements in repairing ties with its neighbours across the strategic waterway after years of suspicion and tension. But most Iranian political analysts believe warming relations, largely the result of a charm offensive by Iran’s President Mohammad Khatami, have limits. Few analysts see Iran’s long-standing proposals for a security pact to end the U.S. and Western military presence in the region as realistic, after years of hostility between the conservative pro-Western Arab states and the Islamic republic. “In the past year, there has been more movement in Arab-Iranian relations than in any other area as far as Iran’s policy of detente is concerned,” said Hamid Ahmadi at Tehran’s Centre for Scientific Research and Middle East Strategic Studies. This week, Iran hosted the Saudi defence minister and received a landmark visit from the foreign minister of Bahrain, which in 1996 accused Tehran of seeking to overthrow its government. Non-Arab Iran, which strongly opposes the presence of Western forces in the Gulf, this week renewed offers of setting up regional security arrangements with its Arab neighbours. “Of course improved political relations in the region could lead to less foreign military presence, but a strategic military pact sounds more like a joke than anything else,” Ahmadi told Reuters. “Arab states have failed to form lasting regional security pacts even among themselves, because of their own differences.” Iran’s Defence Minister Ali Shamkhani, speaking ahead of a visit by his Saudi counterpart Prince Sultan, spoke enthusiastically of a pact among the region’s Moslem states. But Prince Sultan said in remarks quoted by Saudi state media that military cooperation was “not so easy between two countries whose relations have suffered for years and have now entered a postive start.” He suggested beginning with less controversial areas of cooperation, such as economic, social and cultural ties. Most Gulf Arab states, which have defence pacts with Western powers and U.S. forces or equipment on their soil, have declined Iran’s offers of military cooperation. But this has not prevented a marked improvement in ties strained for two decades since the Islamic revolution, as President Khatami, elected in 1997, has led efforts to end Iran’s isolation. Khatami is due to visit Saudi Arabia later this month as part of a three-nation regional tour which will also take him to Syria, Iran’s strategic Arab ally, and Qatar. The trip to Riyadh will be the highest-level visit to the conservative kingdom by an Iranian leader since the revolution. A further thorn in the side of closer cooperation is a dispute with the United Arab Emirates over three Gulf islands. The six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states often condemn Iran’s control of the strategic islands as an “occupation.” Ahmadi said better ties with other Gulf states may gradually sideline objections from the UAE over the islands issue.

“As relations with individual GCC states improve, they would feel less threatened by Iran, and countries such as the UAE and Iraq which oppose better ties with Iran will be isolated,” he said.

May 1999Arab and UN human rights bodies censure Bahrain

Awaiting Enthronement and Deliverance

While the “Waiting Game” continues, everyone is holding his/her breath in the hope that the maiden policy speech by the new Amir will deal directly with the prevailing political issues once and for all. Failing that, the crisis will continue. It may not take the shape and form it has taken over the past five years, but it will certainly remain as a serious threat to the stability of the country.

The main issues have remained the same for the past six decades. The changing of the guards does not usually necessitate a total change of direction, but it surely has a bearing on the political situation. Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa will be enthroned at a time of great expectations, not only from those who had struggled with zeal and conviction unparalleled in the history of this small Gulf island, but even from friendly governments.

It is understood that the British and American politicians have recently met at a certain location in Bahrain to coordinate the policies of the two countries vis-a-vis the situation in the island. It is also understood that the two governments have been lobbying secretly with the Al-Khalifa ruling family to introduce a degree of reform in the country.

They know how seriously flawed the political situation in Bahrain, and are anxious to see a managed transformation from the ancient form of government compatible with herds, into a modern civil society governed by constitutional laws and civil institutions. So far the regime has turned down any request for political reforms. However, the rise of Sheikh Hamad to the throne following the death of his father, has provided a golden opportunity for a fresh change.

The friends of the Al-Khalifa; friendly governments, objective consultants, family wise-men, have all realised the importance of change as a way to stability. The old guards, however, seem to have a different agenda. Their main aim is to maintain their lifestyle which can only be guaranteed if they are seen by their bosses as necessary for security.

While the Waiting Game goes on, numerous problems arise here and there. The strong show of commitment by the people for security and peace in their country is becoming an embarrassing phenomena to the security forces. Ian Henderson has survived as the head of the State Security Service (SIS) only because of the turbulent political situation in the absence of the rule of law. The prime minister has always believed in the use of force against dissidents, and has ruled the country over the past thirty years as an arrogant dictator. This led to the evolution of a society undeterred by the use of excessive force, which led eventually to the eruption of the country-wide uprising.

Now that the opposition has called again for a political solution based on goodwill gesture, the forces of terror within the ministry of the interior are finding it extremely dangerous for their long-term interests to allow a change to political rule based on the country’s constitution. It is here where outside pressure needs to be exerted by friendly countries.

Sheikh Hamad is a new ruler, relatively young compared with his predecessors and could possibly opt for a political solution, something the prime minister has always rejected. The SIS has inflamed the situation by insisting on its harsh measures and is likely to continue this policy for the foreseeable future.

The Americans and the British can, therefore, exert enough pressure on the new Amir to see through some changes leading to the reinstatement of the Constitution. The issue of human rights is also of paramount importance. When Bahrain is classified in the same rank as other oppressive regimes in regards to human rights, the situation is thus so confused to say the least, that a quick remedy becomes a necessity.

In Casablanca, Bahrain was castigated for its poor record on human rights alongside Iraq and Libya. It was the first time that an Arab country hosts a human rights forum and allows activists in the field to air their views openly and to criticise their governments. The Moroccan Government of Abdul Rahman Al Yousufi has broken a taboo in the Arab politics by allowing people with grievances to talk freely in this manner. This is likely to infuriate most Arab rulers who cannot tolerate this kind of “insult”. It was a useful experience for Bahraini human rights activists to take part in the seminar which lasted three days last month.

The issue of human rights cannot be solved in isolation from the main political situation. For human rights to be respected a change in mentality, laws, law enforcement agencies, culture and attitudes have to be changed. Under a totalitarian dictatorship human rights violations are more likely to occur than under a democratic regime. The Bahrain’s constitution endorses the principles of freedom and human rights, in addition to some form of democratic participation in decision-making.

A strong friendly appeal to the Amir of Bahrain to reinstate the constitution is likely to produce the desired effect. The young generation of rulers in the region can be persuaded to abandon the centuries-old attitudes towards governance and leadership. The consequences of a lack of action by the new Amir will lead to further complications and possibly violence. No one in Bahrain or elsewhere likes to see a return to disturbances, but that could only be averted if Sheikh Hamad is strongly advised against complacency in dealing with the people’s just demands.

The 55th session of the UN Human Rights Commission which was held last month in Geneva proved the strength of the case of Bahrain. Many non-governmental organisations raised their concerns about the degrading human rights situation in Bahrain and called upon the government to review its policies.

Moreover, the UN Special Rapporteurs on Torture, Arbitrary Detention, and Extra-Judicial Killings produced strong reports against the Government of Bahrain and two of them called for a visit to Bahrain. It is unlikely that a visit will be granted in the near future, but the point has been made, giving enough armaments to the do-gooders to approach the new regime in Bahrain with vigour and enthusiasm. Human and Democratic rights cannot be separated but they go hand-in-hand. We hope to have a better news after the Amir’s enthronement in June.

Bahrain Freedom Movement

1 May 1999

Fax (44) 171 278 9089